Role of education in personality development - 13618 Words

The question what is education or if i may be more precise what is the purpose of education . Some think that education is the purpose for which one acquires some skill in a particular field and gets to wear that black hat and get a photo with the vice chancellor or the chairman of the institution. That is what has become the purpose of education . But if someone is a degree holder but does not know the basic attiquettes or don t care about anything that is the time to think for us all that is that guy an educated person or are we kidding ourselves in involving ourselves in such pitiful acts that we don t know what is the purpose of education. So don t you think that we should redefine education and add that education is the process in†¦show more content†¦Deeper psychological research affirms, as in the system of Yoga, that this combination of forces can be disturbed, it can be modified, it can be totally changed. Personalities can be multiplied within the same individual; the conflicting personalities in the individual can be harmonised; one can become capable of putting forth the needed personality according to the circumstances or the demands of the work or situation, even while the other personalities would remain behind, contributing to the efficacy of the personality put in the front. One can even go beyond all personality and know the real person that assumes so many personalities. 6. One can make a distinction between the real Person and the instruments of the person, viz. the body, life and mind. And between the person and the instruments there is what one might call the force of the person that expresses itself and gives a special turn, a special power of configuration, a certain stamp to the instruments. It is this special stamp or power of configuration that gives rise to the specific formation of a pattern of qualities and drives to our body, life and mind. It is that which we should call properly ‘personality’. In the language of the Samkhya psychology, we might say that body, life and mind are the expressions of Prakriti marked by the three gunas: sattva, rajas and tamas. The normal human being is simply an instrument ofShow MoreRelatedWhy Philosophy, Sociology, and Psychology of Education Play an Important role in the Development of Youngs Abilities, Knowledge, and Personality632 Words   |  2 PagesEducation is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Moreover, education can develop human being to gain the ability, knowledge, and personality. Thus, the study in foundation of education context provides three significant roles such as philosophy, sociology, and psychology of education. The philosophy of education studies the aims, forms, methods, and results of acquiringRead MorePersonality Characteristics Of Personality Traits1235 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality characteristics Introduction Personality psychologists define personality as the psychological traits that contribute to an individual’s enduring and distinctive patterns of feelings, thinking, and behavior, (Cervone Pervin, 2013). Now, this statement can denote that personality might be somehow fixed. Perhaps the most obligatory questions to ask in this regards are: is personality inherited or acquired. Can individual’s personality be altered? For decades, these and many other questionsRead MoreIndividual Diffferences - How environmental factors affect Personality Intelligence1525 Words   |  7 Pageson the development of an individual’s personality and intelligence. The discussion in this essay entails the extent to which environmental factors impact an individual’s development of personality and intelligence. Development can be defined as ‘improvement in function’ which would imply that it occurs with the progression of age. Personality has been found to have a substantial genetic influence however economic and social factors have been found to effect the development of personality traits suchRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Implications Of Psychopathic Personality Traits For Successful And Unsuccessful Political Leadership1312 Words   |  6 PagesImplications of psychopathic Personality traits for successful and unsuccessful political leadership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 489-505. Lilienfeld et al., (2010) examined the attentiveness of psychopathic personality traits that aligned with job performance and leadership of the past presidents including George W. Bush, whereas their successful or unsuccessful behaviors were a matter of public records. The description of a psychopathic personality is conveyed as superficialRead MoreEssay on Annotated Bibliography: Leadership1362 Words   |  6 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Lilienfeld, S. O., Waldman, I. D., Landfield, K., Watts, A. L., Rubenzer, S., Faschingbauer, T. R. (2012). Fearless dominance and the U.S. presidency: Implications of psychopathic personality traits for successful and unsuccessful political leadership.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,  103(3), 489 -505. http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=truedb=pdhAN=2012-19403-001site=eds-livescope=site InRead MoreSociology Of Education As A Social Institution1489 Words   |  6 PagesSociology of education The sociology of education is a diverse and vibrant subfield that features theory and research focused on how education as a social institution is affected by and affects other social institutions and the social structure overall, and how various social forces shape the policies, practices, and outcomes of schooling (www.thoughtco.com). Sociology of education is the systematic study of educational system within the broader social context. At the heart of sociology is a specialRead MoreEssay about Gender Differences1657 Words   |  7 Pagesit can be argued that major gender differences exists, however scientific studies have prove that this difference occur mainly due to different rate of biological development, understanding this will help overcome negative impact brought about by perceived gender differences. For instance, understanding the nature of brain development between boys and girls is different, helps in establishing that possibly there are differences in learning style between the genders. This is vital in developing genderRead MoreWeek 7 Leadership Paper1424 Words   |  6 PagesPsychopathicPersonality Traits for Successful and Unsuccessful Political Leadership by S.O. Lilienfeld, I.D. Waldman, K. Landfield, A.L. Watts, S. Rubenzer and T. Faschinbauer. Article 2: Impact of personal growth projects on leadership identity development by J. Williams. Article 3: Leadership Styles and AssociatedPersonality Traits: Support for the Conceptualisation of Transactional and Transformational Leadership by R. Van Eeden, F. Cilliers, and V. Van Deventer. The authors of article 1 discussRead MoreStudent Development Theory : The Personal Responsibility Of Students955 Words   |  4 PagesOn student development, there are theories which I can apply in order to fully understand how students develop in high education settings. The following are theories I would apply. Moral development theory: the theory shows the personal responsibility of students. Students require moral development and they should face moral issues and they should use ethical solutions in response to issues they face in life (Sjà ¸lie, 2014). They must differentiate between right and wrong in their life to maintainRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Of Development1582 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development Erik Erikson, a German psychologist of the early 1900s, is most known for his theory on psychosocial development in humans. He was heavily influenced by his work with Anna Freud and her father, Sigmund Freud. However, in his research, he put emphasis on the cultural and social impact on identity development and studying the ego, which he believed developed with successful crisis resolving throughout life (â€Å"Erikson’s Stages†, 2007). He proposed the

Sound Body Free Essays

A sound body is the most splendid treasure a man can cherish. A sound body means that you are so splendidly strong and well that you can bear the roughest experiences without becoming ill. The body is a living thing to be put out in the air and the sunshine. We will write a custom essay sample on Sound Body or any similar topic only for you Order Now The more roughly you treat your body, the stronger will it be. Physical harmony is an index and expression of a harmonious mind. If one wants to build up one’s mind, one must build up first the body. Man has a body as well as a mind. So intimate is the relationship between the two that the neglect of one is bound to have adverse effect on the other. And so, a harmonious development of both, or, in other words, a sound mind in a sound body should be the aim of every man. The mind and the body are inter-related, so that the health of one is the health of the other, and the ills of one are the ills of the other. The sounder the body, the sounder the mind that resides in it. A healthy man is always happy. He feels inclined to work. He feels inclined to serve others. A man with a sound body is full of optimism. He goes ahead. He presses on and on. Nothing can daunt him. Nothing can handicap him and nothing can frustrate him. He is enthusiastic and energetic. He radiates health, hope and happiness wherever he goes. He is loved and liked by one and all. He makes friends wherever he goes. He moves mountains. He gets over all difficulties and hurdles. His strong mind fears none. The mind of a man with shattered body and health is always full of pessimism and sorrow. He has no heart to do anything. He likes to mope and whine in a corner. He tells his sad tale of woe to everybody he meets. He has no hope and sunshine to scatter. Life has no charm for him. He is sick of it. He feels disgusted with it. His mind is diseased. His enthusiasm is dead. He is no better than a dead man. A child has a sound body and consequently a sound mind. He is always happy. He smiles his way into the heart of everybody. Everybody feels drawn and attracted towards him. Who does not want to love and fondle him? Who does not like to kiss his sweet, angelic face? His very sight, his movements, his innocent prattle, fill even the gloomiest heart with joy. On the other hand, take the case of an old man, with shattered health, toothless mouth, sunken eyes and shriveled skin. He always talks of death. He is completely disillusioned. For him the world is a vale of tears. He does not like his own wife and children. He has no taste for anything. He condemns one and all. Only a man with a sound body can enjoy real contentment and true peace of mind. A man with a diseased body is never in a happy and contented state of mind. He is always complaining and grumbling. His mind is seldom at peace. For him life is a burden. A man may be very rich but he cannot enjoy his riches if he is always sick. A judge may be very able but he cannot play his part efficiently if he is constantly worried by one bodily ailment or another. The head of a State may be the ablest man in the world but he cannot function effectively if he is constantly tormented by some disease. A doctor may be the best physician or surgeon but he is of no use to society if due to his illness, he cannot attend to his work in the hospital for more than two days in a week. However rich or educated a person may be, if he is physically harassed, life becomes something of a burden to him. â€Å"A nation of healthy and bright young men and women is an asset to our modern human civilization. Citizens of tomorrow, as the students of today are called, shall have to combine a healthy physique with a healthy intellect. The trophies of success have been won by those young men and women who laid emphasis on oft-quoted dictum ‘healthy body healthy mind’. â€Å" How to cite Sound Body, Essay examples

Deferiprone In Iron Chelation Therapy Biology Essay Example For Students

Deferiprone In Iron Chelation Therapy Biology Essay Deferiprone was an orally active Fe chelator which emerged from an extended hunt for new intervention of Fe overload. Comparative surveies have shown that at comparable doses deferiprone may be every bit effectual as deferoxamine in taking organic structure Fe. Retrospective and prospective surveies have shown that deferiprone monotherapy was significantly more effectual than deferoxamine in bettering myocardial siderosis in thalassaemia major. Agranulocytosis was the most serious side consequence associated with the usage of deferiprone, happening in approximately 1 % of the patients. More common but less serious side effects are GI symptoms, arthralgia, Zn lack, and fluctuating aminotransferases degrees. Deferiprone can be used in combination with deferoxamine. This regimen of chelation was tolerable and attractive for patients unable to follow with standard deferoxamine extracts or with unequal response to deferiprone entirely. Combination therapies have been efficaciously used in the direction of terrible cardiac siderosis. Furthermore, patients have more conformity to deferiprone, and were cost effectual as compared to deferoxamine. Outline1 1. Introduction2 2. IRON OVERLOAD3 3 DEFERIPRONE4 Decision 1. Introduction Deferiprone ( DFP, Ferriproxa„? , Kelfera„? , L1, CP20 ) was hydroxypyridinone Fe chelator synthesized by Dr. Kontoghiorghes in the early to mid-1980s in the research lab of Professor R. Hider at the University of Essex in London. The molecule was synthesize to be taken orally and adhere Fe in conditions of Fe overload and excretes it from the organic structure. Besides due to the high cost and inconvenient manner of disposal of Deferoxamine ( DFO ) , an orally effectual, non-toxic and cheaper Fe chelator was synthesize ( Kontoghiorghes, G.J, 1985 ) . The exhilaration over the find of a potentially effectual unwritten Fe chelator led the research workers to originate carnal surveies that would take them to the most rapid path to a test in worlds. The first publication of the usage of DFP in adult male was published in 1987 ( Kontoghiorghes et al. , 1987 ) and was the first unwritten Fe chelator to be used clinically, chiefly in thalassaemia patients. Iron was indispensabl e to all species and there was no physiologic excretory tract for this indispensable component ( Andrews, 1999 ) . In conditions of primary Fe overload or secondary accretion of this potentially toxic component consequences in monolithic Fe accretion, followed by iron-induced morbidity and mortality, and lead to coevals of toxic free extremist harm ( Rund and Rachmilewitz 2005 ) . These chelators have a high affinity for adhering Fe, and are able to take it from proteins that are transporting and hive awaying it in the organic structure. DFP can take extra Fe from assorted parts of the organic structure of iron-loaded patients, including liver and peculiarly bosom ( Kontoghiorghes et al. , 2004 ) . Prior to the find of DFP, the lone option for intervention of Fe overload was Deferoxamine ( DFO ) that was non absorbed orally and therefore needed to be administered parenterally, 8 to 12-hour every night extract, 5-7nights a hebdomad ( Thalassemia International Federation Guidelines 20 00 ) . DFP was besides used worldwide to handle malignant neoplastic disease, leukaemia, in haemodialysis and other diseases. It was besides used in the detoxification of other metals, such as aluminium in haemodialysis patients ( Paschalidis et al. , 1999 ; Di-Ji et al. , 2004 ) . Iron was besides involved in reproduction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) ( Georgiou et al. , 2000 ) such as deferiprone inhibit reproduction of HIV-1. Deferiprone can suppress atomic factor-I?B activation and subsequent reproduction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( Sappey et al. , 1995 ) . Deferiprone can besides render iron-dependent ribonucleotide reductase inactive, thereby suppressing DNA synthesis and hence HIV reproduction ( Hoffbrand et al. , 1976 ) . The regulative blessing of Ferriproxa„? in Europe ( August 1999 ) was a cardinal progress in the intervention of Fe overload ( Donovan et al 2005 ; Cappellini et Al 2006 ; Galanello et al 2006a ) . Deferiprone was the universe s first and merely orally active Fe chelating drug, which was effectual and cheap to synthesise therefore increasing the chances of doing it available to most thalassemia patients in 3rd universe states who are non presently having any signifier of chelation therapy ( Kontoghiorghes et al. , 2004 ) . 2. IRON OVERLOAD Iron overload was the chief complication of regular blood transfusions which are used in the direction of several conditions including the hemoglobinopathies, beta ( I? ) thalassemia, reaping hook cell disease and myelodysplastic syndrome and other rare anemia ( Frankel, E.P 2007 ; Weatherall, D.J 2003 ) . Haemoglobinopathy refers to a scope of genetically inherited upsets of ruddy blood cell hemoglobin and includes reaping hook cell disease and the thalassaemia. Sickle cell disease and beta thalassaemia major are two of the commonest signifiers of this upset. The thalassaemia are a group of familial upsets of haemoglobin synthesis, which result from production abnormalcies in the hematohiston ironss of haemodesferrioxamine hematohiston. They are divided into IÂ ± , I? , I?I? , or IÂ µI?I?I? thalassemia, harmonizing to which hematohiston concatenation was produced in decreased sums. Beta thalassaemia major consequences from absent or reduced I? concatenation production. The IÂ ±-chain synthesis returns at a normal rate, which causes an unbalanced hematohiston concatenation synthesis. The extra IÂ ±-chains are unstable and as a consequence the ruddy blood cells do non organize right and are destroyed prematurely ( Frankel, E.P 2007 ; Weatherall, D.J 2003 ) . This consequences in increased erythropoietin production, which can do bone marrow hyperactivity taking to serious malformations of the skull and long castanetss and diseased breaks. It can besides impair growing and hold or prevent pubescence. Splenomegaly consequences from increas ed unnatural RBCs in the circulation. Life anticipation was decreased in people with untreated beta thalassemia major, hence require standard intervention of regular blood transfusions every 3-4 hebdomads to rectify the anemia. Bone marrow graft may be an alternate intervention option but this was confined to 25 % of patients aged 17 twelvemonth ( Frankel, E.P 2007 ) . There are three types of reaping hook cell disease: reaping hook cell anemia, hemoglobin reaping hook cell and reaping hook beta thalassemia which are caused by familial unnatural hemoglobin formation due to the presence of HbS. Sickle shaped ruddy blood cells clog capillaries doing organ ischemia. Crisiss are treated with anodynes and other supportive steps including blood transfusions when there was a rhythm of closely spaced painful crises. Transfusions are used to forestall long term recurrent intellectual thrombosis in kids lt ; 18 old ages of age who have suffered at least one shot ( Porter, R.S 2005 ) . Myelodysplastic syndrome ( MDS ) affects the bone marrow and consequences in uneffective and/or inappropriate hematopoiesis. This can take to anaemia and was treated with regular blood transfusions, neutropenia and/or thrombopenia. Splenomegaly and megalohepatia are common. MDS may change over to acute myeloid leukemia ( Porter, R.S 2007 ) . Most patients will develop transfusion dependence, of which over 50 % are likely to profit from Deferoxamine. Deferiprone was non recommended for everyday usage due to miss of published informations and concerns over safety and efficaciousness ( Gatterman, N. 2005 ) . Each unit of blood contains iron which can non be excreted from the organic structure. A typical thalassemia patient will roll up 0.3-0.5mg/kg of Fe per twenty-four hours.Excessive Fe was deposited in organic structure tissue as hemosiderin and Washington really toxic. Free non-transferrin edge Fe besides have the possible to organize free groups which can do oxidative harm ( Porter, J.P 2005 ) . Excess Fe accumulates in all tissues and terrible harm can happen to the liver, bosom, thyroid, pituitary, hypothalamus, pancreas and articulations. Once the organic structure has accumulated 12-24g of Fe, important clinical manifestations of Fe toxicity will happen. Entire organic structure Fe content can make every bit high as 50g, compared with normal degrees of 2.5g in adult females and 3.5g in work forces ( Yardumian et al. , 2005 ) . Symptoms of Fe overload do non normally occur until irreversible organ harm has occurred. All patients who require regular blood transfusions will besides necessitate Fe chelation therapy ( Frankel, E.P 2005 ) . 3 DEFERIPRONE 3.1 Deferiprone Chemistry DFP ( 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one ) was a man-made parallel of mimosine, an Fe chelator isolated from the leguminous plant Mimosa paduca ( Clarke and Martell 1992 ) . It has 2 pKas, one of 3.6 and other of 9.9 ( Hider and Liu 2003 ) . DFP have strong Fe binding belongingss, with a pFe3+ of 19.6 and a pFe2+ of 5.6, bespeaking a high grade of comparative specificity for the trivalent signifier of Fe, adhering it in a 3:1 composite. DFP was a lipotropic compound with impersonal charge of chelator-iron composite ( Clarke and Martell 1992 ; Tam et Al 2003 ) . As a water-soluble compound holding a divider coefficient of 0.11 and with a molecular weight of merely 139 Da, it would be expected to travel freely through cell membranes throughout the organic structure. 3.2 Deferiprone and Animal Toxicity Deferiprone cause bone marrow aplasia in mice, rats, Canis familiariss and monkeys, involution of lymphatic tissues and adrenal steatosis that lead to high rates of mortality ( Grady et al. , 1992 ; Ziel et al. , 1993 ) . A toxic consequence of deferiprone observed in carnal surveies of drug tolerability was caused by concurrent Zn lack and was non due to direct effect of deferiprone toxicity. In position of carnal toxicity informations, discontinuance of deferiprone was announced to develop deferiprone for clinical usage ( Ciba-Geigy 1993 ) . This determination has been contested on the evidences that deferiprone should go on to be available for patients with terrible transfusional Fe overload who are unable or unwilling to utilize DFO. It was besides felt that the toxicity of any chelator should be tested in iron-loaded and non in normal animate beings. Surveies in non-iron loaded animate beings have shown that DFP was embryotoxic and teratogenic ( Berdoukas et al. , 1993 ) . Defer iprone was besides studied for effectivity of radiation protection against depleted U ( DU ) in animate being theoretical accounts and consequences showed important additions in urinary DU elimination and lessenings in DU concentration in the injected musculus, bespeaking that deferiprone combined with DU and DU was excreted in the piss ( Fukuda et al. , 2006 ) . 3.3 Deferiprone Pharmacokineticss Pharmacokinetic surveies in worlds have shown that Deferiprone appears to be quickly and wholly absorbed after unwritten disposal, with peak plasma degrees happening at about 1 hr after disposal. Food slows the rate of soaking up and therefore reduces the peak concentration with a Cmax of 100 I?mol/L was in the fasting province and about 85 I?mol/L when Federal ( Matsui et al 1991 ; Al-Refaie et al 1995a ) , but does non hold much consequence on the entire sum absorbed. The drug was quickly eliminated from the organic structure with a half life of about 2 hours due to hepatic biotransformation, with glucuronidation accounting for about the full metamorphosis. 90 % of the drug was excreted in the piss as the glucuronide. The tA? in healthy topics ( 1.3 hours ) may be shorter than that in thalassaemia topics ( 2.3 hours ) ( Stobie et al 1993 ) . Since the clearance ( CL/F ) did non differ between the two capable populations, this indicates a different volume of distribution in transfus ed patients, most probably related to big differences in Fe shops and the ability of DFP to entree intracellular Fe pools. 3.4 Deferiprone and serum Ferritin The ferritins are a household of Fe storage and detoxification proteins which play a critical function in cellular Fe homeostasis in worlds, animate beings, workss and bugs. Serum ferritin concentrations was used as a means gauging organic structure Fe burden ( Siimes et al. , 1974 ) and have been used to supervise response to chelation therapy ( McLaren et al. , 1983 ; Modell and Berdoukas 1984 ) . The survey informations reveal that DFP was effectual at diminishing or stabilising serum ferritin concentrations during continued blood transfusions. In general, those patients who had high serum ferritin concentrations before get downing DFP, experienced the greatest diminution, whereas those who were well-treated anterior to get downing DFP, experienced a stabilisation of values, declarative of control of Fe burden ( Cohen et al. , 2000 ) . 3.5 Deferiprone and Liver Fe concentrations ( LIC ) Liver accommodate surplus shops of Fe and was well-designed to digest high concentrations of Fe due to lysosomal storage mechanisms and other factors. High degrees of Fe over drawn-out periods do bring on hepatic fibrosis and even cirrhosis ( Prati et al. , 2004 ) . Surveies revealed that LIC increased linearly with the figure of units of transfused blood ( Cazzola et al. , 1983 ) . Upon originating chelation therapy, the transfusion regimen every bit good as the dosage of chelating agent used become the major determiners of LIC and the key was to set the dosage to the demands of the patient, depending mostly on the patient s transfusion regimen and efficaciousness of the chelator in that person. MRI has been used to measure hepatic Fe concentrations ( Anderson et al. , 2001 ; St Pierre and Clark 2005 ) . Liver Fe correlates linearly with the entire Fe organic structure while there was small grounds for the value of liver Fe concentrations as a forecaster of cardiac Fe burden ( Angel ucci et al. , 2000 ; Anderson et al. , 2001 ; Wood et al. , 2004 ) . To minimise the hazard of iron-induced liver harm every bit good as to cut down entire organic structure Fe shops, a chelator needs to be capable of cut downing LIC, or keeping acceptable degrees ( Jensen et al. , 2003 ) . The efficaciousness of DFP versus DFO was compared in a big multicenter randomized clinical test. They found no difference in the decrease of liver Fe content measured by MRI or liver biopsy between the two groups ( Maggio et al. , 2002 ) . Another randomized controlled survey designed to compare the abilities of DFP and DFO, assess hepatic Fe concentrations. In 61 randomised patients ( 32 on DFO ) , a average dosage of 92 mg/kg/day of DFP reduced hepatic Fe concentrations by 0.93 mg/g dry weight vs. 1.54 mg/g dry weight in patients having a mean of 43 mg/kg/day DFO 5.7 days/week ( Pennell et al. , 2006 ) . 3.6 Deferiprone and Cardiac Iron Magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI T2* ) was used for the appraisal of Fe overload to measure cardiac Fe burden and predict the hazard of iron-induced cardiac harm. MRI T2* values have good duplicability for the measuring of Fe concentration ( Tanner et al. , 2006a ) . Iron-induced bosom failure was the most common causes of decease in patients with thalassemia major ( Borgna-Pignatti et al. , 2004 ) . A quantitative appraisal of the magnitude of cardiac Fe lading in transfusion-dependent thalassaemia major patients have revealed that two tierces of 167 patients on DFO therapy exhibited cardiac siderosis ( Tanner et al. , 2006b ) . Coincident appraisal of the Fe content in bosom A ; liver shown that patients may hold high concentrations of Fe in the liver but low concentrations of Fe in the bosom, or frailty versa ( Anderson et al. , 2001 ; Wood et al. , 2004 ) . Subject: Political Science Title: The Apathy Of Generation X For The P Essay3.15 Deferiprone and Malaria Each twelvemonth one to two million people die from malaria, with half of these deceases happening among kids infected with the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite ( Wyler 1992 ; WHO 2000 ) . Cerebral malaria was the commonest fatal syndrome of P. falciparum malaria, with a mortality of 50 % ( WHO 2000 ) . Death and sequelae happen even in people treated with antimalarial drugs, and research workers are researching the effects of adding interventions to the chief antimalarial regimens in an attempt to cut down mortality. Iron chelation was one possible adjuvant intervention. The biological principle for Fe chelation was that malaria parasites require Fe to reproduce, so drugs that withhold available Fe from the malaria parasite could suppress its reproduction rate ( Wyler 1992 ; Mabeza 1996 ) . Theory besides suggests that iron-chelation therapy may speed up coma recovery by suppressing iron-induced harm to encephalon cells, therefore protecting against harm to the cardinal nervou s system ( Mabeza 1996 ) . Deferoxamine ( DFO ) was the standard iron-chelating agent while other iron-chelating agents are being considered besides, such as the orally active deferiprone. However, before iron-chelating agents are used as accessory interventions for malaria, it is of import to measure that their antimalarial action is complementary and non counter to standard therapy. In vivo and in-vitro surveies suggest that no decrease in nonsexual intra-erythrocytic parasite during or after deferiprone intervention, although its peak plasma concentration scope was demonstrated to suppress the growing of P.falciparum in-vitro but in-vivo growing was non predicted to suppress ( Thuma et al. , 1998 ) . Deferiprone seems to be a promising agent as an adjuvant in the intervention of terrible P.falciparum malaria infection ( Mohanty et al. , 2002 ) . Comparative survey of deferiprone with standard antimalarial therapy suggest significantly faster in cut downing coma recovery clip and parasite clearance from bloo d but its clinical significance can presume from long test ( Smith, H.J and M. Meremikwu, 2003 ) . 3.16 Deferiprone and Fungal Infection Mucormycosis was a common fungous infection with an intolerably high mortality despite first-line fungicidal therapy. Iron acquisition was a critical measure in the causative beings pathogenetic mechanism ( Ibrahim et al. , 2008 ) . Mucormycosis was a dangerous infection caused by Fungi of the category Zygomycetes. Rhizopus oryzae ( Rhizopus arrhizus ) was the most common cause of infection. Typical conditions predisposing patients to developing mucormycosis include diabetic diabetic acidosis, neutropenia, corticosteroid therapy, wide spectrum antibiotics, terrible malnutrition and dislocation of cutaneal barriers. Iron was required by virtually all microbic pathogens for growing and virulency ( Spellberg et al. , 2005 ) . Rhizopus grows ill in serum unless exogenic Fe was added ( Artis et al. , 1982, Boelaert et al. , 1993 ) and patients with elevated degrees of serum Fe are unambiguously susceptible to infection by R. oryzae and other Zygomycetes, but non to other infective Fungis ( Spellberg et al. , 2005 ) . Deferoxamine acts as an Fe chelator, Rhizopus possesses specific receptors for deferoxamine that enable the being to adhere to iron-deferoxamine composites, liberate the Fe via an energy-mediated reductive procedure and so take up the Fe ( Boelaert et al. , 1993 ) . Patients with diabetic diabetic acidosis are besides at high hazard of developing rhinocerebral mucormycosis ( Spellberg et al. , 2005 ) . These patients besides have elevated degrees of available serum Fe, probably due to let go of of Fe from adhering proteins in the presence of acidosis ( Artis et al. , 1982 ) . Because elevated serum Fe was built-in for the virulency of mucormycosis, the usage of an Fe chelator that can non be utilized by the fungus to scavenge Fe from the host should turn out to be efficacious against these infections. Deferiprone an unwritten Fe chelator, in contrast to Deferoxamine can non be utilized by R. oryzae as a xenosiderophore ( Boelaert et al. , 1994 ) . Efficacy of deferiprone compared with that of liposomal amphotericin B in handling mucormycosis in diabetic ketoacidotic ( DKA ) mouse theoretical account and found that deferiprone was an effectual therapy for mucormycosis in the DKA mouse theoretical account. Iron chelation was a promising, fresh curative scheme for stubborn mucormycosis infections. These findings suggest the demand for farther experimental and clinical surveies measuring the utility of iron-chelation therapy in combination with fungicides for the intervention of mucormycosis ( Ibrahim et al. , 2006 ) . 3.17 Deferiprone as Anti-Oxidant Free extremist formation was initiated from metal catalytic centres affecting Fe and Cu. Free extremist reactions can take to oxidative emphasis, which can do biomolecular, cellular and tissue harm. Deferiprone have been shown to be effectual and safe in the reversal of oxidative emphasis related tissue harm in Fe burden and non-iron burden conditions ( Kontoghiorghes, G.J, 2009 ) . Deferiprone can be used as a powerful pharmaceutical antioxidant by mobilising labile Fe and Cu and/or suppressing their catalytic activity. The high curative index, tissue incursion, rapid Fe binding and clearance of the Fe composite, and the low toxicity of deferiprone, back up its application as an antioxidant for adjuvant, alternate or chief therapy, particularly in conditions where other interventions have failed ( Kontoghiorghes et al. , 2009 ) . Iron-mediated carcinogenesis occurs through coevals of O groups. Iron-catalyzed oxidative DNA harm was studied in iron-loaded hepatic cells and was found to greatly worsen H peroxide-mediated DNA harm. It was besides found that maintained deferiprone incubation with H peroxide, deferiprone exert a protective consequence which shows that deferiprone was extremely dependent on the deferiprone: Fe ratio. Therefore, in-vitro surveies suggest that deferiprone: Fe ration must be at least 3:1 for deferiprone to suppress coevals of free groups because at lower concentration increased oxygen extremist coevals occurs and may take to long-run toxicities that might prevent disposal of deferiprone as Fe chelator ( Cragg et al. , 1998 ) . 3.18 Deferiprone as Neuroprotective Alzheimer s disease ( AD ) and Parkinson s disease ( PD ) was a common neurodegenerative upset associated with elevated soluble and aggregative signifiers of starchlike beta ( Ab ) and with oxidative emphasis ( Francisco et al. , 2008 ) . Both of these metabolic changes seem to be associated with the engagement of metal ions, peculiarly Fe ( Zecca et al. , 2004 ; Gaeta and Hider 2005 ; Mandel et Al. 2007 ) . Neurodegenerative upsets are straight linked to oxidative emphasis ( lipid peroxidation, protein oxidization, DNA and RNA oxidization ) , which increases in the encephalon with age and plays a cardinal function in neurodegeneration ( Halliwell 2006 ) . Oxidative emphasis may be defined as an instability between the production of free groups and the ability of the cell to support against them through a set of antioxidants and detoxicating enzymes that include superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione. When this instability occurs, oxidatively modified molecules roll up in the cellular compartment doing disfunction ( Floyd and Hensley 2002 ) . Therefore, if starchlike beta ( Ab ) synthesis was modulated by emphasis conditions, Ab production can take to increased oxidative emphasis in the encephalon, apart from being itself a possible beginning of extra oxidization procedures ( Bush 2002 ) . H2O2 was a reactive species, in the presence of redox-active metal ions bring forthing OHAÂ · groups ( Gaeta and Hider 2005 ) . Redox active Fe ( II ) was localized in the endoplasmic Reticulum, lipofuscin every bit good as in their associated vacuoles ( Brunk et al. 1992 ) . Lipofuscin was an car fluorescent pigment that accumulates in AD and let go of Fe from damaged chondriosome, which becomes an of import generator of H2O2, therefore doing an oxidative harm ( Brunk and Terman 2002 ) . The accretion of metals in AD encephalons every bit good as the presence of a metal-binding site on Ab represents assuring pharmacological marks. Therefore, compounds with chelation belongingss, and besides with the ability to barricade the site, prevent the inauspicious coevals of H2O2 ( Adlard and Bush 2006 ) . Iron chelation was a possible curative attack in AD ( Adlard and Bush 2006 ; Mandel et Al. 2007 ) , as the metal may stand for a mark for curative agents directed towards the intervention of neurodegeneration. Deferiprone have curative potency in neurodegenration utilizing in-vitro theoretical account of mouse cortical nerve cells. The survey demonstrates that chelation of Fe by deferiprone was neuroprotective and reversed the FeNTA ( ferrous nitrilotriacetate ) induced decease of cortical nerve cells in concentration dependent mode ; and confabulate neuroprotection against Abeta1-40 induced neural cell decease ( Mollina et al. , 2008 ) . 3.19 Deferiprone and HIV Eukaryotic interlingual rendition induction factor eIF5A have been implicated in HIV-1 reproduction. This protein contains the alone amino acid hypusine that was formed by the post-translational alteration of a lysine residue catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase ( DOHH ) . DOHH activity was inhibited by two clinically used drugs, the topical antifungal ciclopirox and the systemic medicative Fe chelator deferiprone. Deferiprone have been reported to suppress HIV-1 reproduction in tissue civilization. Deferiprone blocked HIV-1 reproduction in PBMCs. The action of the drugs on eIF5A alteration and HIV-1 cistron look in theoretical account systems was studied. At early times after drug exposure, both drugs inhibited substrate binding to DOHH and prevented the formation of mature eIF5A. Viral cistron look from HIV-1 molecular ringers was suppressed at the RNA degree independently of all viral cistrons. The suppression was specific for the viral booster and occurred at the degree of HIV-1 written text induction. Partial knockdown of eIF5A-1 by siRNA led to suppression of HIV-1 cistron look that was non-additive with drug action. At clinically relevant concentrations, two widely used drugs blocked HIV-1 reproduction ex vivo. They specifically inhibited look from the HIV-1 booster at the degree of written text induction. Both drugs interfered with the hydroxylation measure in the hypusine alteration of eIF5A ( Hoque et al. , 2009 ) . 3.20 Deferiprone Conformity The chief job with Fe chelation therapy was conformity to regular hypodermic extracts of Deferoxamine. They are unpopular and are frequently resisted by patients ( Yardumian et al. , 2005 ) . The extracts are clip devouring to put up, they are painful, necessitating the debut of a hypodermic acerate leaf on each juncture which can be straitening, followed by uninterrupted fond regard to an infuser device for 10-12 hours. Therefore, alternate therapy was by presenting unwritten deferiprone cut down the hebdomadal figure of Deferoxamine extracts. The effectivity of jumping intervention was ab initio reported in a little non-controlled survey ( Aydinok et al. , 1999 ) . A prospective, randomized controlled test on the safety and efficaciousness of jumping DFO and DFP have been reported. In this survey 60 patients with thalassemia major on a regular basis transfused, were randomized either to go on the standard therapy with Deferoxamine at 30-40 mg/kg/day for 5-7 yearss per hebdomad, or to have an jumping regimen of Deferiprone 75 mg/kg organic structure weight, divided into 3 doses 5 yearss a hebdomad and DFO ( 30-40 mg/kg/day ) the other 2 yearss of the hebdomad. After 1 twelvemonth of intervention both regimen resulted in tantamount lessenings of serum ferritin and liver Fe concentration ( Galanello et al. , 2006b ) . Overall the alternating usage of both chelators was non associated with increased toxicity and no important difference was observed in the proportion of patients with inauspicious events in the two therapy groups, although the nature of the inauspicious events differed harmonizing to the chelation regimen. 3.21 Deferiprone Cost Conformity Deferoxamine remains the drug of pick for the direction of transfusional thalassaemia patients. However, its high cost and the incommodiousness of its parenteral disposal by portable pumps are major restrictions underlying the demand for developing alternate orally effectual new Fe chelating drugs ( Hider et al. , 1996 ) . Costss are approximative and are based on an mean organic structure weight of 54 kilograms, which have been suggested as the average patient weight for patients necessitating Fe chelation therapy ( Karnon et al. , 2006 ) . Cost of Deferoxamine was comparatively low but extra costs may be incurred e.g. place attention bringing or nurse services and infuser device used may significantly impact cost effectivity. The entire one-year costs per patient of infused Fe chelation therapy in the UK have been estimated as ?17,913 ( Desrosiers et al. , 2006 ) . A cost public-service corporation analysis survey conducted and has estimated the resource usage and costs for equipme nt for Deferoxamine intervention to be ?7,552 yearly per patient ( Karnon et al. , 2006 ) . Automated RBC exchange costs about ?10,000 per patient/year and this would be lt ; ?5,000 per twelvemonth but consequence in rapid Fe burden in the absence of chelation. An acceptable unwritten chelator would enable patients to exchange from ruddy blood cell exchange to simple transfusion ; salvaging ?5,000 per instance would countervail any extra cost incurred from ordering deferasirox ( Dr David Bevan, 2007 ) . The costs of regular research lab monitoring of liver and nephritic map will besides necessitate to be taken into history. These may be higher in patients taking deferoxamine. The FDA has non yet approved deferiprone, striping 1000s of patients of potentially life-saving intervention. The high cost of DFRA at 60 euros/g, DFP at 5.5 euros/g and DFO at 8.3 euros/g, diminishes the chances of cosmopolitan chelation therapy, particularly for patients in developing states. The safety and efficaciousness record of DFO and their combination appear to supply cosmopolitan solutions in the intervention of transfusional Fe overload, and besides in cut downing mortality because of their ability to unclutter quickly and efficaciously extra cardiac Fe ( Kontoghiorghes, G.J. 2008 ) . Decision Deferiprone appears to be strongly strike harding the doors of Fe chelation therapy. It was a inexpensive, easy to fabricate, effectual and moderately safe unwritten Fe chelator. Merely occasional patients can non profit from its usage as they suffer from skeletomuscular hurting or myelotoxicity. Such unfortunate persons have to fall back back to expensive and inconvenient Deferoxamine therapy. The available informations appear to show that DFP was an effectual unwritten Fe chelator able to cut down Fe overload and to keep a safe organic structure Fe degree. Furthermore, deferiprone entirely or in combination with DFO seems to be superior to DFO monotherapy in bettering myocardial siderosis and cardiac map. The safeties of DFP have been extensively evaluated over the last 10 old ages. The comparatively big figure of patients and the drawn-out period of intensive follow-up provide a elaborate long-run safety profile. In general, inauspicious drug reactions with Deferiprone are predict able and the hazard manageable provided a uninterrupted and careful monitoring of the patients. Therefore, deferiprone should be introduced as an alternate intervention to Deferoxamine whenever the patient has a pick between no chelation versus deferiprone. DFP have the ability to better the quality of life of patients having life-long transfusions.

Royal Dutch Shell

Table of Contents Introduction Political risks Stakeholders Needs of the Locals Code of conduct Reference List Introduction Royal Dutch Shell is the largest oil producer company in Europe whose origin can be traced in Netherlands and Great Britain. The firm’s corporate headquarters are located in Hague, Netherlands while its registered office is in London, United Kingdom. The energy and petrochemical giant is listed in Amsterdam’s Euronext and London Stock Exchange.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Royal Dutch Shell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Fortune Global 500, Royal Dutch Shell ranks as the second largest multinational company with Wal-Mart being the number one. With a massive $285,129,000 in revenues, $12,518,000 after-tax profits and $292,181,000 assets in according to its 2010 financial statements, Shell overtook global giant Exxon Mobil to be the market leader wi thin the petroleum refining industry. The firm’s incumbent Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is Peter R. Voser. Shell has a human resource base of 102,000 employees and operates in more than 90countries. Its biggest operations are in United States and it operates as Shell Oil Company with its corporate headquarters in Houston, Texas. Other major countries where the firm operates include Japan, Nigeria, Qatar, and Australia and so on. Political risks There are a number of political risks affecting the firm’s operations in its international operation. Nigeria has one of the biggest oil and natural reserves in the world estimated to last at least forty years. Shell is facing unending crisis of militants in the Niger Delta. Niger Delta, the largest producer of oil and natural gas in Africa has been facing attacks from armed militia men leading to the company losing millions of dollars (Frynas, 1998, pp.457-478). Kidnapping and ransom is rampant in this volatile region, forcing shell and other oil and petroleum multinationals such as Agip, Total, Chevron and ExxonMobil to spend millions of dollars in beefing up security. For instance from 2005, Shell Nigeria reported bombings of major pipelines followed by pockets of attacks on the installations and facilities. The people being targeted are mainly the contractors and the staff. Demands for monster share of oil revenues from the region and release of militants arrested by government authorities are Main reasons for the sporadic attacks (Shell report, 2005). However in 2009, amnesty program was introduced to encourage ceasefire and make the militants to voluntarily surrender the weapons (Tatersall, 2010, para. 2). Another factor affecting the firm’s operations in Nigeria relates to the upcoming general elections. With the next presidential elections scheduled to be held in April 2011, the country is bound experience intense political tension. This would negatively impact the operations of oil conglom erates in the region.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is unknown if the current head of state, President Goodluck Jonathan, will run for the top seat. Considering that he hails from Niger Delta, his supporters expect him to contest for the race. Elections have had effect on Shells operations. Nigerian Government struck a deal with the armed militants in the Niger Delta to stop sabotage against pipelines belonging to Shell, but there are reports that the militants are not satisfied with government promises of jobs and other financial aids. Therefore, there is a high probability that the militants will be used by the politicians for intimidation purposes. As a political consultant for Shell Company with regard to its operation in Nigeria, the company in conjunction with the government should increase monetary rewards to the militants in addition to creating more em ployment opportunities for the locals. This will have an effect of reducing poverty by providing steady income to the people of Niger delta. Stakeholders Royal Dutch Shell has various stakeholders. A stakeholder refers to a party with a vested interest in a firm’s course of operation. The stakeholder can be either an internal such as the shareholders and the employees or external such as the customers and local communities (Docstoc, 2010, pp.4-13). Other stakeholders include oil producing countries. Satisfying the needs of all stakeholders is not an easy task as simple as it appears. For example, setting the pricing of fuel has been challenging for the company. Natural gas and crude petroleum prices have been rising steadily leading to an increase in profits from the company (Press TV, 2010). Such price increases affects the demand of petroleum by motorists. This arises from the fact that local gas stations hike gas prices. Needs of the Locals Shell must also satisfy the need s of the local communities. However it comes at a cost. For instance in Nigeria, Shell has been forced to embark on environmental rehabilitation occasioned by oil spills. Clean ups and remediation is costing the company million of dollars (Shell report, 2005, pp.29). These cleanups are meant to restore the land which has been polluted heavily by decade of oil spills. The government and Shell have been forced to pay people of Niger Delta $1.5 million for causing environmental damage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Royal Dutch Shell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Code of conduct The Shell code of conduct clearly stipulates the beliefs and values which are applied in the daily operation of the company . The general business principles are eight and they include principle of economics, principles of competition, principle of business integrity, principle of political activities of companies and of employ ees, principle of health, safety, security and environment, principle of local communities, principle of communication and engagement, and principle of compliance (Shell international limited, 2006, pp. 15-16). It’s mandatory for Royal Dutch Shell to follow the code of conduct when operating in the foreign countries. For instance, it must comply with laws of the foreign country it operates otherwise it risks facing legal actions. It must pay corporation tax as expected by the governments, and also abide to environmental laws existing in the countries. Shell BP has many social programs in the countries of operations. For example in Nigeria, Shell is tackling issue s related to corruption (Shell report, 2005, pp. 28). In addition, the company has embarked on serious anti corruption campaigns in Nigeria to sensitize the people on the need to eradicate the vice. In the recent past, Shell has investigated its contractors and consequently interdicted those found guilty. Royal Dutch Shell management team must monitor politics and economic performance so as to make effective operational decisions. Reference List Docstoc. (2010). Balancing stakeholders needs @ shell-Business Ethics. Web. Frynas, J. (1998). Political Instability and business: Focus on Shell in Nigeria. Third World Quarterly. Volume 19, Issue 3. New York: Butterworth.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Press TV. (2010). Shell profits hike 50% on oil price. Web. Shell. (2005). The Shell sustainability report 2005. Web. Shell International Company. (2010). Shell code of conduct: How to live by the Shell General Business principles. London: St lves Westertham Press. Tatersall, N. (2010). Factbox- Key political risks to watch in Nigeria. Web. This research paper on Royal Dutch Shell was written and submitted by user Trey H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Royal Dutch Shell RDS plc, commonly referred as Shell, is a well known multinational oil corporation of British and Dutch beginning. Globally, it is 2nd largest privately owned energy firm, and one of the principal energy superiors (vertically amalgamated private segment oil exploration, natural gas, and oil product marketing firms). The corporation has its principal offices in The Hague, Netherlands, with its official offices in Shell Centre, London.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Royal Dutch Shell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Royal Dutch Shell core business involves exploration, production, processing, transporting and marketing of oil and gas products. Also the firm has considerable petrochemicals investments (Shell Chemicals), as well as nascent renewable energy sector developing wind, solar and hydrogen energy opportunities. RDS plc is incorporated in Britain with its commercial headquarters in The Hague (Bahgat 2003; M ishkin 1998). Also its tax residence is based in Netherlands, while its primary listings are on both London Stock Exchange as well as Euronext Amsterdam (only â€Å"A† stock shares are recognized as part of AEX index). On global perspective, Shell runs its businesses in over 140 countries. While Shell Oil Company based in Houston, Texas, is one of the group’s principal division. RDS principal business is basically the management of vertically incorporated oil corporation. The establishment of technical, financial and commercial expertise in all the spheres of this core vertical integration from the scope of exploration, production, transportation, refining in addition to marketing, forms the principal capabilities on which the group was founded. The company has applied these aspects to its production and marketing segment and this contributed to its stable and proportional profit margins (Peters 2000). Also the vertical business blueprint has given the company consider able economies allowing establishing explicit barriers to entry both geographically and on worldwide levels in specific areas of the energy market. However, the company noted vertical integration was diminishing in value despites the profound structures (Miller 2007).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Delivering value shareholders Royal Dutch Shell plc has been described as a unique due to its organizational structure. This has made to be one of the most prominent organizations in the world such as the Roman Catholic and the UN. However, the group’s organizational structure is more complex than either of the two mentioned organizations. From its inception the group has over the years strived to provide the best services to its clients as well as its shareholders (Wang 2005). Considering that the group is an incorporation of Royal Dutch and Shell, the group has formulat ed an approach that is unique in structure and execution. The said approach is referred as governance responsibilities. From management perspective this approach has helped in the manner Royal Dutch Shell handles are issues regarding shareholder satisfaction. Though, the groups approach to diverse attributes regarding shareholders do not correlate to the ordinary managerial scope, it has over the years proved to be one of the most rewarding organizations despite its controversial undertakings around the world. Royal Dutch Shell plc, common business principles determines how this group conducts its external and internal affairs. The objectives of the group are to efficiently and effectively engage, responsibly and profitably in gas, chemicals, oil and other preferred investments. This includes exploring and developing other dynamic sources of energy so as to meet the mounting requirements of energy in the world. Equally, the group maintains a high standard of performance as well as a profound long-term position in the business environment. Also the corporation works closely with its clients, partners and policy-makers so as to advance more reliable and sustainable use of energy and other natural resources. In order to deliver value to its shareholders RDS plc has established set of principal values-openness, veracity and respect for people. Also the group strongly believes in the fundamental essence of trust, honesty, teamwork as well as professionalism, including pride in what they do. These objectives are reflected in the group’s business principles. And as part of its obligation to quality delivery they have initiated acts of balancing short as well as long term interests, incorporating monetary, environmental and civic considerations into group’s decision-making.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Royal Dutch Shell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These parameters have been reflected in the manner the group has succeeded in delivering value to its shareholders for the last five years (Pilbeam 2005). According to the market analysts, the company managed to deliver an average TR (TOTAL RETURN) of 2.55 to its shareholders (See Table 1). Delivering value to shareholders plays a critical role to each and every commercial organization. Perhaps it is from such understanding that Royal Dutch Shell opted to diversify and provide its shares into two distinct classes-A and B (RDS-A and RDS-B). From 2005-to-2010 RDS-B was better placed in regard to use investors and shareholders (Emilio 2009). The scope of this was that the shareholders enjoyed 15% tax exemption in that they were not Danish citizens. Also to sustain the value allied to service delivery, every RDS American Depository Receipt was valued at two shares traded either at Amsterdam or London. Also, the group managed to deliver a 0.55% average yearly increase in its EPS commencing from 2005. The mounting increase in crude oil as well as gas prices played a role in boosting the group’s earnings. However, the swift fall in energy prices in 2008 and 2009 including to feeble global demand saw a 26 % decrease in anticipated earnings per share in early 2009 to $ 3.09 (Haley 2006). While for 2010 fiscal year analysts had anticipated the earnings to mount by almost41% to $5.77/share. Equally the company was expecting EPS to reach 25%. The scope of this observation was trained at providing the shareholders with satisfactory results. Also these results were anticipated to provide the shareholders with the best returns in regard to their investment in the group. To improve on its service delivery and the scope of increasing its profit margin the company initiated a process of disposing some of its unprofitable properties and refineries. Due to the shareholders demands the group has since 2005-2010 embarked on cutting down its global labor force in order to secure $1 billion in savings. However, as is with strong and uninterrupted focus being on company’s economic discipline including capital efficiency, Royal Dutch Shell has over the last five years been positioned to move on generating shareholder value in its operations and service delivery.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The groups strategies from 2005-2010 was on stringent approach to diversified capital investment, creating a stable balance sheet as well as enhancing service delivery and distribution to its shareholders. This resulted in RDS setting its goals within this period on the scope of prioritizing on the to-most returning investments as a measure of improving the ROCE (return on capital employed) and capital efficiency. Equally, the group optimized its portfolio within this period by disposing its non-core investments. The proceeds were employed in enhancing debt reductions as well as improving the service delivery to her shareholders. This resulted in establishing profound financial positions, competitive market control as well as laying emphasis on cost control and operating excellence, hence providing the shareholders with the topmost value and profitable returns. The success of Royal Dutch Shell plc in delivering value to her shareholders lies to the group’s concept of inspired leadership. The scope of leadership influenced its market position, annual returns as well as its stability in the stock markets. With sound leadership, solid management procedures and disciplined financial control helped the corporation in providing the shareholders with the expected services reflected in the value of the group. Despite the unstable global energy markets RDS plc continued to explore diverse areas by which the delivery of value was reflected in the group’s profit margin including the groups share index in the leading stock markets globally. And this is illustrated by the fact that the company has persistently doubled its dividend payment after every six years. The 2009 shares reports testifies to this observation (See Table 2).and this is a instrumental pointer of the groups success in delivering value to its shareholders. How and why the market value of Royal Dutch Shell plc equity has changed over the past 12 months The groups combination of strewed execut ive power together with groups operating authority including its financial responsibility which has been evenly dispersed through its 250 operating organizations, shows that, evaluated against any other oil corporation, its services are compactly decentralized. However, the economic dynamics and technical realities present in the energy sector have seen it that the group embraces the best service approaches. The group’s matrix system indicates that the group had undergone unprecedented changes within the scope of past 12 months. The scope of these changes touched on the organizations market value affecting the anticipated market capitalization heavily. Economic instability and the group’s performance have over the period of last one year resulted in decimal RDS market value. As is testified by the group’s quarterly report it is emerging that the group is attempting to reverse the current decline in its sales. For instance, the group’s total revenue moved from 45.66% to $ 130 billion in mid June 2009 (Richardson 2011). The reason the market value of RDS plc equity has changed can thus be attributed to slow consumption of oil products globally. Also the rate at which shares are plummeting at all major stock markets can be another major reason contributing to these changes. Equally, the scope of production and price fluctuations has compelled the RDS equity to acquire a new dimension within the 2nd quarter of 2010 which has persistently crossed 2011 1st quarter. As established by 2nd quarter of 2010 the company’s market equity was anchored within the range of $ 434 billion which was substantially lower by 3.0% as compared to $ 447 billion three years earlier. The drop in value can be attributed to the group’s stock loss which stood at 29.22% from the previous financial year (Iftekhar, et al 2010). Thus, the manner investors are purchasing the groups share can be described as being cautious. This has resulted in the decima l market performance. Though the company is on the path of restoring its falling market supremacy, it is evident that its market value increased substantially with 115.1% within the 1st quarter of 2011. In essence, within the span of 12 month the group has shown unstable move, despite the fact that its operational margins increased with an average of 29.0% from the previous year. Return on capital employed as well as ROE (return on equity) were considerably low and this affected the market value of the company’s equity as compared to other competitors in the same 12 months period-June 2010 to June 2011. Basically, it is difficult to simplify the factors affecting the RDS equity value due to the diverse conditions enveloping the entire stock market. However, the group’s fundamentals which touch on revenues as well as valuation factors are core factors that affected its equity value during this period. Though other factors such as inflation, the groups market behavior, i nvestor behavior, market liquidity and economic circumstances affected the group’s market value negatively. The manner this occurred can be attributed to RDS plc internal factors such EPS, DPS (dividend per share), as well as the group’s book value (Richardson 2011). Hence, the investor’s reaction to the group’s dividend resulted in the group’s equity devaluation. It ought to be noted that inflation as well as interests during the twelve months had a negative impact on the group’s stock prices. This observation can be supported by the instances of higher consumer prices, low money supply, as well as interest rates (Haley 2006). Exploring the relationship between inflation and industrial production as well as the stock prices relating to RDS, the monthly results covering June 2010, to June 2011 indicates that the relation of the group’s stock prices and inflation was all time negative. Also, this can be explained by the group’s poor relationship exposed by macroeconomic factors which are typical within the equity market. Despite the changes that have affected RDS market capitalization within this period, it is evident that the group had exhibited attractive attributes relative to other energy corporations within the leading stock markets such as London, New York, and Amsterdam. Though, the group’s shares have for the last nine been low due to markets and economic crisis which was experienced in the 2nd quarter of 2009. The group has thus realized that differentials in equity market, differentials growth in stock market and differentials in evaluations distinguish the performances of equity markets globally. The group’s market capitalization has witnessed massive negative results as is with other super majors. This has resulted in the group inability to enlarge its production and this has considerably affected its market value. Equally, the dwindling investable resource quotas have played a co nsiderable role in the corporation’s profitability in relation to its equities. Thus, much of the groups remaining pools that are easily accessible and are resourceful to the corporation have been taken by governments which are anticipating controlling the oil production in their distinct regions. And this has resulted RDS plc equity being undervalued. However, RDS has opted to invest in other venues of energy such as natural gas as well as liquefied natural gas in order to boost its market value (Aaseng 2000). Net Asset Value Net Asset Value refers to a groups or a company’s total excluding its total liabilities. For instance, if RDS has securities including other assets worth (total assets and total equity) $ 470.573 billion, the group’s total liabilities are $172.78 billion. Thus, the group’s Net Asset Values is $297.793 billion. Net Asset Value is paramount in regard to valuation of any organization shares especially in areas where the value of the gi ven organization comes from the assets it attains rather that the earnings generated by the given business (Leffler 2010). Price/ Earnings Ratio Basically, valuation ratio of any organization current share price evaluated to its PS earnings is typically calculated as: Earnings per Share (EPS) Noting that RDS was trading at $20.46 a share while it’s earning over the last 12 months were $ 3.09 per share,thus,the P/E ratio for RDS would be $ 6.60 ($20.46/$3.09). All in all, higher P/E may illustrate that investors are anticipating for higher earnings in the days to come in relation to organizations with lower Price Earnings Ratio. Discounted Cash Flow Royal Dutch Shell reported a 30.2 growth in regard to cash flow as per the latest quarter indicators standing at $9.7 billion, a remarkable increment from $7.40 billion in the similar period a year ago. When evaluated against year over year growth in duration of one year trailing cash flow of 30.04%, the quarterly increase depicts a decrease in the groups operating income progression, which may likely contribute to fewer earnings. This may compel the organization to cut its operating costs so as to sustain its profit margins. The groups debts, defined as TD (total debts) minus COH (cash on hand) ranging from $20.03 billion is plainly 1.23 times greater than in relation to the groups last financial period EBITDA calculated to be $19.09 billion (Leffler 2010). What this depicts is that the apparent ratio standing at 41.82% less than it was at the end of the similar quarter a year before, and this is a noteworthy decrease. Equally, this provides the group with substantial flexibility in the manner it manages its balance sheet so as to stimulate instances of future growth, paying out for it dividend as well as pursuing its premeditated goals such as acquisitions. In addition, minor signs indicate that Royal Dutch Shell is managing its balance sheet conservatively, its overall debt as a proportion of total capital was lessened during the last 12 months while its COH increased. The entire debt currently stands for 20.40% of overall capital as compared to 23.5% twelve months earlier, while it had $ 19.40 billion in COH last financial period, 62.04% more than as it was recorded at the end of the previous year. These key developments have enhanced the group’s fundamental flexibility in preparing the ground for the future growth and development opportunities so as to enhance its overall returns to its shareholders. Also, to measure the true economic income generated by Royal Dutch Shell during the past twelve months, operational costs as well as cost of capital, both debt and equity are considered. Hence, based on the twelve month period trailing operating revenue, the group had a sum of 17.81% return on its $196.95 billion of sum invested capital, which comprise ordinary and preferred equity, in addition to long term debt (Leffler 2010). Its total subsequent to tax cost of capital is prof oundly slanted towards equity, through a total after tax expenditure of 6.70% weighed against to a 0.21% cost of arrears The group’s EVA (economic value added), which is attained from deducting the 7.00% overall cost of assets from its ROI (return on investment), is 10.80%. This is a concrete return to investors for a twelve months period. The corporation increased its monthly common share on December 31, 2010 by 5.01%, to 85.00 cents a share from 79.05 cents (Iftekhar,et al 2010). It has at this moment spread dividends continually for the past five years and based on this latest disbursement the stock is now yielding 5.00%. The $10.40 billion in ordinary dividends remunerated by the corporation last quarter was responsible for 32.0% of its cash flow in addition to 16.0% of overall earnings after taxes. This comparatively reserved payout was lesser than the 19.10% of revenues paid out in the twelve months which had ended immediately a quarter earlier (Tabak 2010). Combined wi th commonly positive fundamentals, the present payout point affords the corporation suppleness in raising its share in the future devoid of eating into its balance sheet should it desire to do so (Tabak 2010). Basically, there are diverse methods employed by firms to critically evaluate their performances. Hence, there those procedures which are fit for specific businesses. Thus, in as far as the Royal Dutch Shell is concerned the above explored procedures shed light on the best method which can be employed to provide the reliable results. Looking at the values provided it is apparent that all the procedures examined have each provided a distinct value for the company. However, correlating the market performance with the groups equity discounted cash flow can be said to have provided the utmost value for the group. The significance of the value provided by discounted cash flow is that it generates values close to ISV (intrinsic stock value) (Shaxson 2010). Also, the groups DCF can b e said to be relative to the diverse evaluation procedures, which are in essence exploits multiples to evaluate stocks as demonstrated in the stock markets. Some of these relative valuations favoring DCF are linked to price earnings, price-to-sales as well as EV/EBITDA ratios which are essential in evaluating the group’s performance. What this depicts is that DCF depends on the scope of free cash flow (Davidson 2009). More so, free cash flow has been established to be a reliable measure that easily penetrates through the stock market estimates commonly embraced in groups reported earnings. Thus, regardless of whether the scope of cash outlay is considered as an expense or equally declared as an asset on the balance sheet, as per DCF, free cash flow is employed to track the groups fund left over for the shareholders. And this makes the value arrived at through a DCF to be the most appropriate for the group (RDP 2006; Teall 2004). Conclusion Between early 2009 and 2011 the petr oleum industry experienced unprecedented economic challenges due to the unstable global economy. This has also been attributed the Arab revolution and civil instability in some of the oil producing countries. From the fundamental perspective of global economy Royal Dutch Shell faced compact competition from other sources and this affected its market performance including the value of its equity (Brown,2007). Also the parallel loss of control over certain sources in both Africa and Caribbean saw its profit margin decreasing over the last 12 months. However, as the world economic powers are in the verge of restructuring the global economy the group has since the last quarter of 2010 posted positive results as demonstrated by its shares in all major stock markets. References Aaseng, N.,(2000). Business Builders in Oil. NY:OUP. Alvarez, A.,(2004) Offshore: a North Sea Journey. Rome:TN. Bahgat, G.,(2003) American Oil Diplomacy .NY:Prentice. Haley, J.,(2006). Foreign Oil Dependence. Rome. McMillan. Brown, J.,(2007)Oil and Revolution. Berkeley: University of California. Davidson, P.,(2009) Financial markets, money and the real world. NY:Edward Elgar Emilio, C., and Stanca,L.,(2009) Financial Market Imperfections. Springer. Leffler, G.,(2005) The Stock Market. NY:Ronald Press. Levinson,M.,(2010) Guide to Financial Markets.NY: Bloomberg Press. Miller, J.,(2007) Oil Prices: Backward to the Future. Cleveland:FRB. Mishkin, F., (1998). The economics of money, banking, and financial markets. Addison Wesley. Iftekhar,H and William, H., (2010). Bank and financial market efficiency. Emerald Group. Peters, E. (2000)Fractal Market Analysis.NY: John Wiley and Sons. Pilbeam, K.,(2005). Finance and Financial Markets. Palgrave Macmillan. Richardson, B.,(2011)Energy and Security Revolution.Oxford:OUP. Royal Dutch Petroleum (2006) Annual Report 2005.the Haag: the Netherlands, 2004 Shaxson, N.,(2006) Poisoned Wells : the Dirty Politics of African Oil.NY:OUP Tabak, J.,(2010) Natural Gas and Hydrogen. NY: TP. Teall, J.,(2004) Financial market analytics. Greenwood Publishing Group. Wang, G.,(2005) Real Options: the Key to Values. Oxford: Imperial College University. Tables Table 1 source: Levinson (2010) Table 2 Source: Richardson (2011) This report on Royal Dutch Shell was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Courage To Exceed Ourselves

Michelle Beers The Courage to Exceed Ourselves If you give a child a book but do not teach them to read will the child understand the story? If only half of a lesson is presented to a child, the full picture is unattainable. There are many personality types and a varity of role models available to children today, to choose right from wrong is often difficult. In our society there are adults who are blind of the truth by choice, they take only the facts that are attractive to them and form a canon or belief that is not justified. Then, pass along their opinions to the children in their midst as if it were truth. Most religions, governments, and families are attempting to achieve, on a basic level, the same goal, but are using to many different approaches. This behavior can be observed throughout time in any country from daily family life to government policies, laws, and in the separation of religious beliefs or practices. For example: a child born to a Mormon family raised with heavy influence by the church could have easily been born into a Catholic family and raised within the influence of the Catholic beliefs. When the Mormon child grows to an adult and stands within their church, can a Catholic or any other person of different religious beliefs honestly chastize them for following and abiding by the standards of life they were taught? We instill fear of the world outside of the familiar into to our children from the day they are born. In every individual home there is a history to learn from. Often those histories are not all laid before the child. This creates only a partial picture for the child to learn values and make decisions from and with this try to understand the past that follows them to the future. We teach our children not to talk to stangers, to take a stand for what they believe in, and to be cautious of the unknown. Then we push them out into the unknown and hope they will find a way to imp... Free Essays on The Courage To Exceed Ourselves Free Essays on The Courage To Exceed Ourselves Michelle Beers The Courage to Exceed Ourselves If you give a child a book but do not teach them to read will the child understand the story? If only half of a lesson is presented to a child, the full picture is unattainable. There are many personality types and a varity of role models available to children today, to choose right from wrong is often difficult. In our society there are adults who are blind of the truth by choice, they take only the facts that are attractive to them and form a canon or belief that is not justified. Then, pass along their opinions to the children in their midst as if it were truth. Most religions, governments, and families are attempting to achieve, on a basic level, the same goal, but are using to many different approaches. This behavior can be observed throughout time in any country from daily family life to government policies, laws, and in the separation of religious beliefs or practices. For example: a child born to a Mormon family raised with heavy influence by the church could have easily been born into a Catholic family and raised within the influence of the Catholic beliefs. When the Mormon child grows to an adult and stands within their church, can a Catholic or any other person of different religious beliefs honestly chastize them for following and abiding by the standards of life they were taught? We instill fear of the world outside of the familiar into to our children from the day they are born. In every individual home there is a history to learn from. Often those histories are not all laid before the child. This creates only a partial picture for the child to learn values and make decisions from and with this try to understand the past that follows them to the future. We teach our children not to talk to stangers, to take a stand for what they believe in, and to be cautious of the unknown. Then we push them out into the unknown and hope they will find a way to imp...

Example English Sentences of the Verb Beat

Example English Sentences of the Verb Beat A good writer should march to the beat of a different drum, except marching to that beat represents a cliche, something all writers should avoid. In the preceding sentence, beat wore the trappings of a noun, but, like many words, its versatile enough to perform additional duties as a verb or adjective. We will concern ourselves with examples of beat as a verb in all of its tenses, including in the active, passive, conditional, and modal forms. All Forms of Beat Base Form beat / Past Simple beat / Past Participle beaten / Gerund beating Present Simple I often beat my friends at chess. Present Simple Passive Jack is usually beaten by Mary in poker. Present Continuous Johnson is beating Anderson in the boxing match. Present Continuous Passive Anderson is being beaten by Johnson in the boxing match. Present Perfect Peter has beaten me at least fifty times at chess. Present Perfect Passive Ive have been beaten at chess at least fifty times by Peter. Present Perfect Continuous None Past Simple Jennifer beat me last week. Past Simple Passive I was beaten by Jennifer last week. Past Continuous I was beating Peter in that game when you walked in the door. Past Continuous Passive Peter was being beaten when you walked in the door. Past Perfect Tom had beaten Jane at least ten times before Jane finally won a match. Past Perfect Passive Jane had been beaten by Tom at least time times before she finally won a match. Past Perfect Continuous None Future (will) I will beat you the next time we play. Future (will) Passive She will be beaten in the next match. Future (going to) Look! Jack is going to beat Mark. Future (going to) Passive Look! Mark is going to be beaten by Mark. Future Continuous This time next week, Ill be beating you in our rematch. Future Perfect By the time you read this, he will have been beaten by his opponent. Future Possibility I think  she might beat Ralph in the next game. Real Conditional If she continues like this, she will beat her opponent. Unreal Conditional If she played better, she would beat Jack. Past Unreal Conditional If Peter had concentrated more, he would have beaten his opponent. Present Modal He should beat Mark. Past Modal They must have beaten their opponents. They are so much better at chess! Quiz: Conjugate With Beat Use the verb to beat to conjugate the following sentences. Quiz answers are below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. Jennifer _____ me last week.Tom _____ Jane at least ten times before Jane finally won a match.Johnson ______ Anderson in the boxing match.If Peter had concentrated more, he _____ his opponent.Look! Mark _____ by Mark.Peter _____ me at least fifty times at chess.Jack _____ usually _____ by Mary in poker.I often _____ my friends at chess.By the time you read this, he ______ by his opponent. Quiz Answers beathad beatenis beatingwould have beatenis going to be beaten  has beatenis beatenbeatwill have been beaten

Computer Sciences and Information Technology. User Experience Essay

Computer Sciences and Information Technology. User Experience - Essay Example In this regards, the paper contains description and purpose of website development, the intended audience of the website along with weaknesses and strengths of the website in respect of their usage by diverse users. Some users may not agree that this website is easy to use and users have difficult experiences with its interface, this study looks at every element of interaction and usability factors (Cornell University Library, 2012). In order to get information regarding their experiences of using the website, the users are given a website usability form to be filled so that the website of the Phone4u can be evaluated. The paper presents the recommendations to the company for improving several aspects of the website to reach the targeted audience, trust development on the visitors and customers, moreover, guidance to increase the web traffic (Dumas, 2008, p37). The usability test is one of the essential steps in the evaluation of the user’s likeness and dislike-ness while usin g the Phone4u’s website. This will require acquisition of user opinions and to present analysis of the information to guide the decision on the areas of improvement. Since most of the features are observable qualitative attributes, this study will have to convert them into quantitative variables for ease of data analysis. 1.2. Background In the evaluation of the website, the focus is how to improve the usability by adding features that are more relevant and functional keeping in view the targeted audience of the website. This can be done by evaluating the website and improving the weaknesses indicating by the analysis. The amendments to the website of the Phone4u should be made as per the recommendations of the users (Valacich, Joey & Hoffer, 2009, p67). At the same time, it is important to consider the fact that some users do not welcome changes so easily and may prefer to remain in the previous version of the website rather than the new one with improved features (Kendall & Kendall 2011, p58). The evaluation will lead to the decision making for the new version of the website based on the information from user response. The statistics will be gathered as comments from various participants. The participants’ views reflect the present trend and the actual real world events that are of interest to this website. The study uses the structure of information flow as shown in the figure below, with the system the user and the feedback mechanism. Figure 1: Information Flow between System, Users and Feedback mechanism 1.3. Study Problem/Question This study seeks to answer one (1) major question having various sub parts. The first question is â€Å"Whether the website of the Phones4u is easy to use for the targeted audience of the website?† In order to have the answer of the first question of this study, the users have to answer the various questions as described by the Jokab Neilsen. The sub questions (parts) include: â€Å"the visibility of the s ystem, Match between system and the real world, User control and freedom, Consistency and standards, Error prevention, Recognition rather than recall, Flexibility and efficiency of use, Aesthetic and minimalist design, Help users recognize, Help and documentation, diagnose and recover from errors. Basically, these are the guidelines provided by the Jakob Neilson for evaluating the usability of the website† (Selvaraj, 2011). All these questions will be answered by the selected participants. 2. Aims The aim of this study is to explore the usability issues in the

Failure of the Mercantilism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Failure of the Mercantilism - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the mercantilists believed that the presence of more gold and silver bullions in a country translated to a better economy than any country with minimal gold and silver reserves. The theorists believed and encouraged countries not to use their gold deposits for trade even when the people desperately needed these products. The mercantilists had the idea that any successful trade meant the gain of one party and the loss of the other party. They never viewed the trade between two countries as being mutually beneficial. They encouraged their countries to influence the international trade and ensure that the citizens did not compromise their gold and silver deposits.This essay stresses that  the mercantilists developed ideas that were meant to promote the interests of the merchants since they were believed to be a significant source of a country’s gold and silver reserves. The government placed the role of attracting more gold and silver to the country to the merchants and also entrusted them with implementing relevant measures that would seek to regulate the economy. Malynes, for example, states that the merchants more specifically the bankers would develop appropriate measures that would see the increase in the supply of specie into the country. Malynes rejected any effects of the exchange rate in influencing external trade and trusted the â€Å"tricks of the bankers† to solve the economic problem experienced in the country.

Audrey Hepburn built her incredible acting talent out of her troubled upbringing Essay Example for Free

Audrey Hepburn built her incredible acting talent out of her troubled upbringing Essay Audrey Hepburn was born in 4th of May 1929 in Brussels, Belgium. She is an idol of elegance for all time. She spends her first years of school in London. However, because of the Nazi’s occupancy, she moved into Holland with her mother. She continued to conservatoire in Arnhem which is the city of Holland. After the war, Audrey started taking ballet classes. Her first show was in 1947 and its name is ‘High Buton Shoes.’ She became more famous with ‘Gigi’ movie. Also, she won Oscar with her ‘Roman Holiday’ movie. After a year, she acted in ‘Ondine with Mel Ferrer’. In this period, Hepburn and Ferrer started a relationship and they married in 1954. She gained Academy nomination with the ‘Sabrina’ movie in the same year. With the movie of ‘The Nun’s Story’, again she was nominated for the Academy award. In 1960, her first child Sean was born. She gained her fifth Academy nomination with the ‘Wait Until Dark’. However, in the same year, she got divorced. She made her second marriage with psychiatrist Andrea Dotti. They had a son which named as Luca. She acted in ‘Always’ in 1989. That is the last movie of her. After 1980 she started to work as a goodwill ambassador of Unicef. She died on 20 January 1993 in Swetland because of appendicular cancer. PsychologÄ ±cal Analysis Of Audrey Hepburn wÄ ±th the perspectÄ ±ve of Adler Audrey Hepburn was born in 4th of May 1929 in Brussels, Belgium. Her mother name is Baroness Ella van, Heemstra. As you can guess from ‘Barones’ title, she is from a noble family. From her first marriage, she has got two children, Ian and Alex. She made her second marriage with Joseph Victor Anthony Ruston, who is the father of Audrey. Audrey is the only child of this second marriage. Also, this marriage ended traumatically too because Audrey’s father left them in the 9th year of the marriage. When we look at the parental style of this famÄ ±ly, we can Ä ±nterpret Audrey as a neglected child. She lÄ ±ved wÄ ±th her father only for sÄ ±x years. When Audrey was sÄ ±x years old, Ruston left them. Audrey told that event as ‘I adored my father. When he left us, he commÄ ±ted us to lÄ ±fe-long Ä ±nsecurÄ ±ty’(15).However Ä ±t Ä ±s not the only reason to classÄ ±fÄ ±ed Audrey as a neglected chÄ ±ld. When we look at the these sÄ ±x years we see that Audrey and Ruston communÄ ±ctÄ ±on dÄ ±d not very wellà § Audrey was love her father very much and she was trying to show her talents to her father. Unfortunately, she could not get the results of thÄ ±s trÄ ±als. (12) AccordÄ ±ng to Adler’s theory the neglected chÄ ±ld can need to others Ä ±n the future to recognÄ ±tÄ ±on and nurturance (76). As we can guess thÄ ±s predÄ ±ctÄ ±on fÄ ±ts to Audrey because she was a famous actress and her need for recognÄ ±tÄ ±on can be satÄ ±sfÄ ±e d through her fans. Also, Audrey Ä ±nterpreted that she has a mÄ ±strust about compassÄ ±on and she always felt grateful to ones who showed compassÄ ±on to her. When we look at her mother Baroness Ella van Heemstra, we can observe the other characteristic of neglected chÄ ±ld: havÄ ±ng unsupportÄ ±ve parent. Her mother gÄ ±vÄ ±ng advÄ ±ce to her Ä ±n an dÄ ±fferent way whÄ ±ch Ä ±s: ‘ You should thÄ ±nk about always thÄ ±nk about others. You are not an Ä ±nterestÄ ±ng person. Other people are more Ä ±mportant than you.’ (12). In addÄ ±tÄ ±on to that, Audrey had an performance Ä ±n New York. At the end of the show, Ella van Heemstra congratulated her: ‘ You dÄ ±d a good job, especÄ ±ally when we consÄ ±der that you do not have any talent’. So when the whole world talks about Audrey show, Ella van Heemstra could not satÄ ±sfÄ ±ed wÄ ±th her daughter talent. When we contÄ ±nue to look at Audrey’s lÄ ±fe, Audrey started a boarding school in England.In the end of summer 1939, England started a war to Nazis. Audrey and her mother moved into Arnhem again. However, after a time Nazis occupied Arnhem too. Nazis try to provoke Holland against the England. To conceal herself, Audrey learned Dutch and change her name to ‘Edda van Heemstra’. At this time, they lose communication with Audrey’s brothers. After that Ella began to take part in the Holland resistance. Because of the occupy, Arnhem conservatoire open it’s door without a payment. Audrey started to take classes about music and dance in there. In 1944, an operation held to the Nazis. This operation failed and a request which is about leaving the city is asked from the civils. Audrey and her family left the city and they moved into Velp city.They had really very awful days in there. As we see, Audrey had terrÄ ±ble, traumatÄ ±c memorÄ ±es from the war days. So, how can she can stÄ ±ll contÄ ±nue and adapt to thÄ ±s lÄ ±fe? According to Adler, Individual Psychology understand and analyze the whole events from the perspective of soul’s goal.(Adler, 2017). For that period, when we look at the goal of Audrey, she stated: ‘My passion about dance suppressed the fear which is towards to Germans.’ So, we can say that her goal shaped her life and helped to cope with the problems. When we analyze more deeply, we can find some reasons about the choosing this goal.Audrey’s memories show that, when she was ten years old, she took part in her school performance. At the end of the show, everybody –including her mom- applauded her with enthusiasm. (18) . Audrey was very happy. Adler supports that, a child’s goal includes the desire of being protected and get into the society. (Adler, 2017). Also

Ecstasy :: essays papers

Ecstasy MDMA, or Ecstasy, was first made in a lab in Germany in 1912. The German pharmaceutical company E. Merck patented it in 1914, not as a medicine, but as a chemical for making more useful drugs later on. MDMA was forgotten until 1953, when the United States Army funded a secret University of Michigan study to develop chemical weapons. After learning that MDMA was non-toxic, the government put it back on the shelf. Rumor says that the drug was tested for mind control purposes, or as a â€Å"truth drug†, but there is not actual evidence of that. In 1978, Alexander Shulgin wrote a book detailing the MDMA experience called Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved: A Chemical Love Story. Many psychiatrists took Shulgin's findings seriously enough to combine MDMA with sessions with their patients' normal therapy. In the early '80s, MDMA made its way from the doctor's office to the dance floor from a Texas entrepreneur who synthesized the drug in a lab. He re-named it "Ecstasy" and sold it for $20 a hit—legally—in Dallas-Fort Worth clubs. But, the Drug Enforcement Agency worked quickly to outlaw MDMA, and Ecstasy officially became an illegal drug in 1985. What Ecstasy does is simple. It combines two opposite effects, stimulation and relaxation, but in also provides a small quality of empathy. Psychotherapist RD Laing took MDMA in Esalen, California, in 1984 when it was still legal. He said, "It made me feel how all of us would like to feel we are anyway . . . smooth and open hearted, not soggy, sentimental or stupid.† Another psychologist described it as providing a "brief, fleeting moment of sanity". Most people describe the feeling like being in love. The most common feelings experienced are empathy, openness, peace and caring. However, there have been cases in which the user has a decrease in defensiveness, fear or paranoia, sense of separation from others, aggression, and obsessive behavior. Side effects of Ecstasy can range from mildly uncomfortable to life threatening physical and emotional reactions. Your temperature goes up when you take Ecstasy, like a fever. Dancing in a hot warehouse doesn't help your body cool off, so it's no surprise that one of the most common Ecstasy-related injuries is heatstroke. Along with high body temperature, you sweat and urinate a lot if you take Ecstasy.

Halftime in America: Chrysler Commercial Essay

The Chrysler commercial during the 2012 Super Bowl was extremely well done. It stars Clint Eastwood delivering a muscularly optimistic message about Detroit and its auto industry. Clint talks about America and how it has been hurting due to the poor economy and the unemployment rate. He does this through an interesting allegory of football and halftime. Chrysler does well targeting a very broad audience of American auto consumers. This particular commercial uses a fear tactic through a lowly lit background and the unmistakable growl of Clint Eastwood to reach the target audience. Chrysler attempts to tug at the proverbial heart strings or emotions of the auto consumer by playing on the fears of people and their lack of faith in the American economy. Americans want to believe that America is great and will pick itself up from the dire straits it is in. This commercial does a good job at trying to light that patriotic fire. This commercial was definitely well thought out. At a cost of $3. 5 million per 30 second time slot (halftime in America was 2:00 minutes long) Chrysler spared no expense. The 2012 Super bowl had 111 million viewers, a calculated move no doubt (â€Å"Super Bowl Ads Cost Average Of $3. 5m†, 2012). Detroit has been a long standing icon of American ingenuity and manufacturing; Clint Eastwood is an American acting icon; so it is no surprise that Chrysler put the two together to make a commercial. Chrysler, being rooted in America is reaching for brand recognition though perceived â€Å"Americanism†. It is an effectively persuasive tactic, though tasteless in my opinion. I say this for the simple fact that auto industry is no longer bound by borders; it is a global industry where many â€Å"American† autos are made with parts manufactured overseas. â€Å"For the third straight year, Toyota Camry, a product of Japan’s largest automaker, is the â€Å"most American car,† as determined by Cars. com’s formula. Honda Accord, the flagship of Japan’s second largest automaker, is second. † (â€Å"Report: The Two ‘Most American’ Cars Are Japanese†, 2011). I elieve that although the commercial was well thought out and constructed, Chrysler is rather tasteless in its tactics and disguises the tastelessness very well. In general, Americans are a proud and patriotic people; playing on this is a clever way to sell cars. Using American icons to sell cars is clever. In short, Chrysler gets an A+ for resourcefulness and creativity, but gets an overall failing grade for the hanky-panky thrown in the consumers face to disguise their real motives.